12 Angry Men Compare Contrast - 1063 Words

This essay will compare contrast the protagonist/antagonists relationship with each other and the other jurors in the play and in the movie versions of Reginald Roses 12 Angry Men. There arent any changes made to the key part of the story but yet the minor changes made in making the movie adaptation produce a different picture than what one imagines when reading the drama in the form of a play. First off, the settings in the movie are a great deal more fleshed out. In the play, the scene begins with the jurors regarding the judges final statements concerning the case in the courtroom and then walking out into the jury room. In the movie, the audience is placed in the role of the invisible casual observer, who for perhaps the first 5†¦show more content†¦In analyzing the differences in the antagonists and protagonists relationship with each other and the other jurors, it too held to the plays guidelines with the various alliances and verbal sparring making sense in light of each jurors moral alignment and personality. There was one difference, a minor or major one depending how it was viewed. Detached from the ending, Juror 3 being more humanely portrayed in the movie than in the play was a minor change. Seen in relation to the movies ending, Juror 3s inner conflicts and humanness is a very a major change. Finally the endings are to be discussed. Here, the play and the movie are obviously very different. The director with his poetic license makes a very obvious change only hinted at subtly earlier on and the impact it has on the audiences conclusions at the end of the movie and the differences between that and those garnered at the end of the play are great. He tells us that Juror 3 was an abusive and uncaring father who, because he caused him to run away, has not seen his son- very similar to the defendant- in over 2 years. Ah, now we can see where his biases stem from: past negative experiences with his son, the rebellious nature of which justifies the execution of the defendant. Yet at the very end of the movie we sympathize with Juror 3 just as we did with defendant. We see his brutish, sadistic demeanor is just a faà §ade, and at oneShow MoreRelatedCommunication in 12 Angry Men Essay1120 Words   |  5 Pages 12 Angry Men When placed in a group with different personalities, you have to find a way to work and communicate effectively as a team; of course you’ll find yourself stuck at times because of certain barriers such as the lack of communication between members. However, group members have to find the ability to work together as a team. In the film â€Å"12 Angry Men,† we see a group of jurors who have to decide whether the defendant has committed the crime or is presumed innocent throughoutRead MoreThe Twelve Angry Men Juror 3 and Juror 8 Comparing Essay1919 Words   |  8 Pagesbetween Jurors 3 and 8? What about differences? Oh gosh, its been years since Ive seen the movie (didnt read the play).   Okay,  Juror  #3 is the angry father, and Juror #8 is the guy who stands alone in the INNOCENT vote, right? I suspect the similarities are easier to find by reading the play because the movie really shows their contrasts. There is one similarity in that when they really believe something, they are passionate about their cause. Juror 3 is explosive and highly emotional Read MoreThemes Lie At The Heart Of Sir Thomas Wyatt1278 Words   |  6 Pagesthemes lie at the heart of Sir Thomas Wyatt’s love poems. In his poem, the reader sees what is absent in the Renaissance idea of courtly love and thus this essay will attempt to explore the ways the theme of betrayal and infidelity are portrayed in contrast to courtly love and how women usually cause these actions. Betrayal is a common theme often depicted in Wyatt’s poems. In many of his poems, the speaker, who is assumed to be male, is normally the person who is at the receiving end of the betrayalRead MoreComparing and Contrasting quot;My Papas Waltzquot; and quot;Pianoquot;699 Words   |  3 PagesIn comparing and contrasting the poems, My Papas Waltz by Theodore Roethke and Piano by D. H. Lawrence, the reader could also compare and contrast the childhood lives of the poets themselves. Roethkes father, Otto Roethke, was a drunk and a figure of terror to his son (Seager 26). His mother was an angry woman and Theodore was a desperate child consistently in the middle of his parents opposition (Seager 28). D.H. Lawrences father was a drunk, almost illiterate miner (Squires and Talbot 34)Read MoreCompare/Contrast The Friars Tale and The Summoners Tale1057 Words   |  5 PagesCompare/Contrast The Friars Tale and The Summoners Tale Isaac Atayero Sir. John Campion Advanced Placement United States History 12/14/11 In Chaucer’s genius work, The Canterbury Tales, the Friar and the Summoner tell tales of mockery about one another. Like the Miller and the Reeve before them the Friar and the Summoner are in rivalry with each other. However the difference between the rivalry between the Reeve and the Miller and the rivalry between the Friar and the SummonerRead MoreHow Emerson And His Ideas Were Influenced The Weakening Of Traditional Christianity During The Nineteenth Century Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagestheological descendant of the Puritans? Stewart proclaimed that â€Å"the frowns of the world shall never discourage me, nor its smiles flatter me; for with the help of God I am resolved to withstand the fiery darts of the devil, and the assaults of wicked men.† Stewart uses her devout faith to declare that God is in control of her life and anything that happens in the earthly world is not of her desires or despair. She encourages her audience to unite with one another and love their fellow neighbor, suchRead MoreWar Poem Comparison Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesKevin Wilson Q. In an essay of not more than 1,500 words compare and contrast ONE PAIR of the two pairs of poems printed below. Your answer should exhibiy a clear understanding of each poem’s meaning and tone, and you should consider the effect and importance of formal features, such as rhyme scheme, sound patterning, word choice, figurative language and punctuation. Date handed in : 31st January 2011 This essay will compare the poems â€Å"On Passing the New Menin Gate† by Siegfried SassoonRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1341 Words   |  6 Pagessituation; they welcome these insects as a source of food and divine wonder. Achebe emphasizes this difference to sardonically address how white men deemed their actions benevolent. 4.) Title The title belongs to a line from William Butler Yeats’s â€Å"The Second Coming†. Throughout the book, events such as Okonkwo’s decline in power and the arrival of white men reflect modernist ideas presented by the poem. Both literary works explore a breaking down of social norms and its psychological effect on peopleRead MoreOf Mice And Men Discussion Questions782 Words   |  4 PagesClara? What did she always do for Lennie? 11. Explain why George and Lennie had to leave their job in Weed. Be specific. 12. Lennie and George are two lonely men. Explain in detail what dream Lennie and George have. 13. At the end of Chapter 1, explain what example of foreshadowing (hints/clues about what could happen next in the story) is obvious. 14-15. Compare and Contrast the two protagonists (Cite examples from the novel to support your claims). Lennie George Maturity Dreams IntelligenceRead MoreHow does St John Rivers compare to Rochester? Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagesthe book touches on many themes for example love, social class and religion. During the novel Jane encounters two important men and through these men has two proposals of marriage, one from Rochester whom she loves and the other from her cousin St John Rivers. The two men are portrayed very differently, as are their marriage proposals. This essay will compare and contrast St John Rivers and Edward Rochester. Jane had a testing childhood at the hands of her aunt Mrs Reed and her cousins. She lived

What are the Causes of Inequality Essay example - 2440 Words

I- Introduction In the treatise named â€Å"Leviathan† published in 1651, Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) proposed an early variant of equality among men that inequality did not exist in natural condition, meaning everyone is born equal; however, inequalitys existence was the result of civil laws (Hobbes Gaskin, 1998). In this sense, inequality is generally referred to social inequality which is characterized by the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society; plus, this negative social phenomenon contains structured and recurrent patterns of unequal distributions of goods, wealth, opportunities, rewards, and punishments (Crossman, 2012). Throughout the nation’s 2000-year†¦show more content†¦The mismatch between Cambodia’s economic growth and the welfare of Cambodian people shows that it is because of several challenges that continue giving life to income inequality in Cambodia and make the income inequality become as strong as or even stronger than the forces to deal with it. 2.1- Corruption â€Å"When people fear their government, there is tyranny; when the government fears the people, there is liberty,† said former U.S. President Thomas Jefferson (as cited in Pou, 2013). Political system in Cambodia is shaped by the patronage image of inequality with the deep perception that expression on public opinion and initiative will not be taken into account unless there is an approval from the political leader. Hofsted claimed in 1997 that the sources of power in Cambodia did not only come from the distribution of power by state policies but also from family, friends, charisma, and/or the ability to use force of the leaders (As cited in Chheang Chan, 2008). According to the Corruption Perceptions Index estimated by theShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Primary Causes Of Inequalities Of Older Age? What Might This Imply For Policy?2761 Words   |  12 PagesWhat are the primary causes of inequalities in older age? What might this imply for policy? Several nations are encountering increasing pension spending, generally coupled with substantial pensioner poverty. Pensions tend to be complex and associated with an individual s health and well-being during the latter part of their lifespan, and even throughout their working life, because they provide financial stability during retirement. Given that people are living longer, successive UK governments haveRead MoreWhy The Income Inequality Affects The Health Of People Essay1695 Words   |  7 PagesIncome inequality also causes obesity however; we mostly blame individuals for being obese. Being obese can have a serious impact on mental and physical health. it is an illness that is associated with stereotypes. The biggest one is â€Å"if poor people become obese they cannot be not poor†. People in this mentality also exclude the structural and social conditions that cause illnesses such as obesity. Social life affects the health of people, especially the socioeconomic level . How much you earn monthlyRead MoreRacial and Ethnic Inequality696 Words   |  3 PagesAdministration Sociology Key words Racial inequality, ethnic inequality, geographic location, discrimination, cultural orientation Causes of racial and ethnic inequality This discussion looks at the causes of racial and ethnic inequalities in the world. There are a number of causes of inequalities. Some causes are geographical location and discrimination. However inequality is on the decline on a global scale. Racial and ethnic inequality is found in many countries where there are eitherRead MoreThe Correlation between Poverty and Gender Inequality1211 Words   |  5 Pages Topic: Poverty and Inequality Key Question: To what extent do poverty and gender inequality affect each other? INTRODUCTION: Gender equality, women’s empowerment and good standard of living (financial stability) are important in their own rights. Today gender inequality is not only a cause of women’s poverty but also a barrier to tackling general poverty.Gender inequality impacts on whether women can benefit from development. Unequal distributionRead More The Three Paradigms In Society Essay828 Words   |  4 Pagesof division among society. Symbolic interaction works on communication and social change as a consequence. The three paradigms are completely different from each other in a social point of view. The macro-sociological paradigms view America as an inequality state. The social conflict paradigm fits today’s society. The functionalist paradigm focuses on the integration of society, and how society how its own groups which has their own functions to help improve the peoples lives. Functionalist paradigmRead MoreThe Three Paradigms in Society840 Words   |  4 Pagesof division among society. Symbolic interaction works on communication and social change as a consequence. The three paradigms are completely different from each other in a social point of view. The macro-sociological paradigms view America as an inequality state. The social conflict paradigm fits todays society. The functionalist paradigm focuses on the integration of society, and how society how its own groups which has their own functions to help improve the peoples lives. Functionalist paradigmRead MoreWealth Inequality in the US with Sociological Viewpoints Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is wealth inequality? â€Å"It is the difference between individuals or populations in the distribution of assets, wealth or income.† [1] In sociology, the term is social stratification and refers to â€Å"a system of structured social inequality† [2] where the inequality might be in power, resources, social standing/class or perceived worth. In the US, where a class system exist, (as opposed to caste or estate system) your place in the class system can be determined by your personal achievements. HoweverRead MoreInequality Is A Natural Side Effect Of A Capitalist Economy1658 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Issue In President Obamas State of the Union address he stated income inequality as the biggest problem facing the future of the world. Income inequality is defined as the unequal distribution of wealth throughout a group’s population (Inequality). Inequality is a natural side effect of a capitalist economy, but when it’s left unchecked like in most 3rd world countries it creates growing divides that hamper growth, prosperity, happiness and the general well-being of the populationRead MoreThe Effects Of Islamophobia On The Past And Present1326 Words   |  6 PagesTo begin, social inequality in the past or present lead to chaotic consequences. Individual freedom of begin equal among started to vanish. Islamophobia began when the 9/11 terrorist attack occurred. After the 9/11 attack the development of the fear of Islamophobia began. In September 11, 2001, there was a terrorist attack and that took down the Twin Towers (Holman Silver, 2011, p. 483). Thus, this is a point of significant because this was the beginning of the major crisis of Islamophobia inRead MoreThe Reliability And Validity Of The Data Provided1525 Words   |  7 Pagesevaluate the reliability and validity of the data provided in the research report ‘Understanding Inequalities in London’s life expectancy and healthy life expectancy’, also compare what the cultural and structural explanations are for health inequalities. To explain what three factors influence health inequalities and identify what policies are in place to help reduce the level of health inequalities in London AC 1 The report show that the data used has reliability and validity because the data

New Public Corporation Law and Contemp †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the New Public Corporation Law and Contemp. Answer: Introduction: According to Corporation Act there are company rules which the directors has to follow and it is the right of the shareholders to ask for the records of the company and his personal shares of the company (Goode, 2011). Fengis is both director and shareholder of the company, so before resigning from his post he can ask his shares and rights from the company from Qiyuan and Linda. There are three directors who are the members of the Darwin Property Developments Pty Ltd Company. Fengis can claim rights from Qiyuan and Linda as there are collective rights of director as per Corporation Act. The collective rights are: Right to elect a chairman: According to Regulation 76 (1) the director has right to appoint the chairman in a company. Right to refuse transfer shares: According to Section 111 transferring the shares can be done by the director to another company (Tricker, 2015). Right to recommend dividend: The rate of the dividend can be reduced by the director of the company. Right to appoint managing director: There is right of the director to appoint a managing director of the company. As a shareholder or director of the company derivative actions can be taken by Fengis on the other director of the company. As Fengis is the director of the company so as per misrepresentation act or fraudulence done with him he can sue both the directors to the court. As Linda and Qiyuan was getting large amount of money for DPD and they refused to give shares to Fengis when he needed economic service, so he felt cheated. This is the reason that he can sue them against the case of fraudulence with him. As a member and shareholder of the company Fengis has certain rights which he can claim. Under the Companies Act there are individual membership rights of Fengis. If any mismanagement and fraudulence is done then for Prevention of Mismanagement and oppression the member can file case against the directors of the company. Fengis can follow that rule. Directors liability stands in this case, so as per section 232 (2) and (3) of Corporation Law and section 229(1) of Companies Code, it is the duty of the director to honestly do his duties without any dishonesty and fraudulence. As Linda and Qiyuan breached the regulations, so under subsection (2) for deceiving the members and directors like Fengis $20,000 penalty or imprisonment for 5 years can be given to Linda and Qiyuan as they deceived Fengis (Sale, 2011). Here duty of diligence is breached by Linda and Qiyuan, so remedies can be taken by Fengis which may also help to solve his economic condition. For safeguarding the interest of the company as the directors were doing wrong, so derivative actions can be taken by Fengis. Mismanagement and oppression were done by the directors so as a minor Fengis was oppressed by other two directors by refusing him to give the shares when he needed the shares. For the prevention of mismanagement and oppression under Company Act derivative action can be taken by Fengis because he was deprived and cheated with fraudulence (Meier, 2014). The other directors gave him wrong information that if the shares are reduced or used then there will be the downfall in the company. Darwin Property Developments Pty Ltd has 6000 shares and each shareholder has 2000 shares, so as a shareholder Fengis can claim for his rights of 2000 shares. According to Schedule 4 of ASIC regulation of Corporation Act the members of the company has rights to get 5% shares in the company. According to Corporation Act there are some rights of the shareholders which can be claimed by Fengis from DPD. He can claim on the records of his shares in the company. The shareholder can works with the transfer of stock. Fengis has rights on the dividends of the company. He has rights on the assets of the company. As he is the shareholder, so he can claim for his rights from the company. According to Corporation Act any director or shareholders cannot be deprived from their rights from the company (Hanrahan, 2013). It is necessary that for fulfilling his economic needs Fengis should work on the strategies made for the company. It is necessary that corporations regulations should be followed by the staffs of the company and of directors are not obliged by the Law then in that case penalty has to given by the director to the innocent person who is rela ted to the major consequences. As Fengis has membership rights, directors rights and shareholders rights, so he may claim on several consequences as he was deprived from his rights of membership and shares dividend of Darwin Property Developments Pty Ltd, so on the terms of companys law he can sue both Linda and Qiyuan under the breach of Corporation Act. Punitive damages can be asked from them because of their misconduct and fraudulence. It is necessary several rules of Corporation Act should be fulfilled which may help in carrying forward the regulations of the company. As duty of director is breached by Qiyuan and Linda, so under section 180 (1) of Corporation Act it is necessary that reasonable degree has to be exercised by the directors of the company (Davies, 2010). It is necessary that different aspects of the companys regulations are needed to be fulfilled which may help in carrying forward the regulations of the company in assertive way. As a director and member he can also ask for his shares with dividen d from the company through which the subjective approaches of the company can be carried by the directors who are the culprits and has deceived Fengis from his rights. It is necessary that several structures of the company act should be followed through which actions can be taken against the directors which may help in changing or removing the directors from the company. Under the Corporation Act all the certain rules can be formulated with the necessary needs. If Fengis claims to get back his rights he may follow the regulations Schedule 4 of ASIC regulation of Corporation Act. He may also file case against Linda and Qiyuan under section 180 (1) for misrepresenting or cheating him for oppressive management and mismanagement. Fengis is deprived in every case, so it is necessary that several actions are needed to be proceeded by him as per Companys Law. It is necessary that he should prove the claim which has given on the basis of Corporation Act (Phlsson, 2015). There were hundred percent chances of his success because different charges can be taken by him under Corporation Act. There are different types of actions which can be asked on the penalty. It is confirmed that several structures of ASIC rules should be formulated through which Fengis may get justice under the Corporation Act (Cassim, 2011). It is the rules of the directors of the company to look after the rights of the staffs and directors of the company. It is necessary that several structural values of the organization should be followed. There are different structures through which the aspects of the corporation are needed to be followed. Breach of Directors duty can be done under the corporation law. There are several consequences which are needed to be fulfilled in the analysis of legal terms. According to Section 265A of Corporation Act, it is necessary that several structural consequences are needed to be followed (Hanks, 2011). It is necessary that if the directors duty is not fulfilled then, several conduct for the director of the company is needed. It is necessary that with the help of different stringent points the notice of the corporation subjective actions should be fulfilled. For the removal of director special resolutions are needed to be fulfilled which helps in carrying the objective. As the directors deprived Fengis in a wrong way by cheating him, so it is necessary that several consequences of the corporation act is needed to be fulfilled by him. These are the legal aspects which are needed to be fulfilled and this help in carrying forward the structure of the organization (Ferran, 2014). This helps in carrying forward the rights of the director. There are structural consequences of the corporation act which are needed to be formulated and by this way the structures of the justice on their shareholders and the members of the organization is formulated in a proper way. References Cassim, F. (2011).Contemporary Company Law. Juta and Company Ltd. Davies, P. L. (2010).Introduction to company law. Oxford University Press. Ferran, E., Ho, L. C. (2014).Principles of corporate finance law. Oxford University Press. Goode, R., Goode, R. M. (2011).Principles of corporate insolvency law. Sweet Maxwell. Hanks, J. J. (2011). Legal Capital and the Model Business Corporation Act: An Essay for Bayless Manning.Law and contemporary problems,74(1), 211-230. Hanrahan, P. F., Ramsay, I., Stapledon, G. P. (2013). Commercial applications of company law. Meier, D., Berge, H. K. O., Hasanbegovic, A., Altan, M. A., Najafiuchevler, B., Azman, S., ... Gheorghe, C. (2014, July). Development of an ASIC for the readout and control of near-infrared large array detectors. InSPIE Astronomical Telescopes+ Instrumentation(pp. 915421-915421). International Society for Optics and Photonics. Phlsson, P., Meier, D., Berge, H. K. O., ya, P., Steenari, D., Olsen, A., ... Azman, S. (2015, June). Preliminary validation results of an ASIC for the readout and control of near-infrared large array detectors. InSPIE Defense+ Security(pp. 94512J-94512J). International Society for Optics and Photonics. Sale, H. A. (2011). The New Public Corporation.Law Contemp. Probs.,74, 137. Tricker, R. B., Tricker, R. I. (2015).Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press.

On the Inheritance of Acquired Traits and the Theory of Use and Disuse. Essay Example

On the Inheritance of Acquired Traits and the Theory of Use and Disuse. Paper On the Inheritance of Acquired Traits and the Theory of Use and Disuse. Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species described in great detail a means to explain the theory of evolution through natural selection. Within his work he makes many observations in relation to the heritability of acquired characteristics. As he describes the effects of artificial selection, he dawns on the topic of â€Å"The effects of habit and of the use or disuse of parts; correlated variation; inheritance†(Darwin, p10). Darwin makes the observation, when speaking of domesticated mammals, that â€Å"not one of our domesticated animals can be named which has not in some country drooping ears the drooping is due to the disuse of muscles of the ear, from the animals being seldom much alarmed†(Darwin, p10). Darwin argues that the increased use or disuse of parts in an animals lifetime result in heritable variation that can be passed on to their offspring. This variation he argues, is the basis for which animals develop advantageous traits and lose deleterious ones. Darwin bases his theory of heritable variation on the theory of acquired heritability, and the use and disuse principle, which was proposed by Lamarck. Being the predominant idea at the time the theory of Use and disuse states that, â€Å"use would cause the structure to increase in size over several generations, whereas disuse would cause it to shrink or even disappear†(Waggoner 1996). We will write a custom essay sample on On the Inheritance of Acquired Traits and the Theory of Use and Disuse. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on On the Inheritance of Acquired Traits and the Theory of Use and Disuse. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on On the Inheritance of Acquired Traits and the Theory of Use and Disuse. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His second principle, or the idea of acquired heritability states that, â€Å"all such changes were heritable†(Waggoner 1996). Using these principles Darwin attempted to describe the relationships between organisms, the variation that resulted in speciation, and the evolutionary implications of those postulates. Lamarck’s theories provided a mechanism by which Darwin could explain natural selection and evolution, and in this respect they were invaluable. These theories however, are now known to be incorrect. The first principle of use and disuse can be dis-proven by the modern evolutionary principle that natural selection can act only on variability already present within a population. Genetic variation is already present in natural populations and selection acting on this variation results in evolution. The second principle of acquired heritability can be disproved under this same idea. Any particular advantageous trait(s) that an organism may develop during their lifetime, is a result of a genetic basis for that trait already present in the population or that may have arisen through mutation. The fitness increase caused by such a trait would result in the fixation of that trait in a population, so it would seem that an advantageous trait was inherited as a result of the parent organism developing that trait through use or disuse. Without a genetic background to explain heritability Lamarck’s theories made the most sense at the time. Since Darwin’s elaboration on the theory of evolution and heritability, numerous genetic experiments have taken place to attempt to provide a better understanding of the laws of heritability. Darwin makes several assertions within the first chapter of On the Origin of Species that defend his ideas to this day. His idea of correlated variation, or the idea that certain traits are associated with each other is explained by the statement that, â€Å"if man goes on selecting, and thus augmenting any peculiarity, he will almost certainly modify unintentionally other parts of the structure, owing to the mysterious laws of correlation†(Darwin, p11). What Darwin was referring to, although he didn’t know it, was idea of genetic linkage, or that certain traits are associated with others through genetic linkage on a genome. Darwin used the domestication of the canine as an example of artificial selection to aid in his explanation of heritable variation. He focuses on the idea that while the domestic dog is one species, a significant degree of variation can be seen within that species that has been acquired over time. The large degree of variation seen in domestic dogs can be explained by a domestication experiment conducted on foxes. Through genetic mapping scientist have been able to â€Å"identify a locus that is orthologous to, and therefore validates, a genomic region recently implicated in the domestication of dogs†(Kukekova et al. 2011). This locus is significant because selection for a behavioral trait can cause the selection of several phenotypic changes associated with that trait. Because of the prescience of a discrete locus for tame vs. aggressive behavior the canine and other related species were predisposed for domestication by humans. The subsequent phenotypic variation that followe d with the domestication of dogs was due to the prescience of alleles associated with the locus for tame behavior. Domestication presents the unique result that, â€Å"when subjected to domestication, animals whose evolutionary pathways did not cross, started to evolve in the same direction†(Kukekova et al. , 2011). The species of mammals that have been domesticated, show similar morphological changes associated with tame behavioral patterns(see figure 2). Darwin suggested that certain features shared by domestic animals are a result of their domestication, when in actuality it is the reverse effect. Certain features shared by domestic animals are the result of their ancestral varieties being predisposed to domestication because of variation already present in their natural populations. The commonalities shared among domesticates of multiple species rules out the idea that these animals acquired those traits due to environmental factors. Environmental factors are so variable, that it would be impossible if not highly improbable that the majority of domesticated mammals would develop such similar characteristics. In addition, â€Å"it seems unlikely that these similar trends of morphological and physiological transformation of different domestic animals depend on homology-independent mutations of structural homologous genes†(Trut et al. , 2009). The association between a docile nature, and distinct morphological changes seen across multiple species suggests that these animals share a similar genetic structure and share a common ancestor. A shared, relatively recent common ancestor would explain why highly divergent species under selection for a particular trait would evolve similar characteristics. Another observation that Darwin poses as evidence for acquired heritability, and one of the most well know is that of the giraffe and its long neck. Darwin presents that, â€Å"the giraffe, by its lofty stature, much elongated neck, forelegs, head and tongue, has its whole frame beautifully adapted for browsing on the higher branches of trees. It can thus obtain food beyond the reach of the other Ungulata or hoofed animals inhabiting the same country; and this must be a great advantage to it during dearths†(Darwin, p104). Darwin goes on to suggest that over time as giraffes stretched their necks farther, those that could reach the highest branches and used their long necks to the greatest advantage would pass those traits on to their offspring. Studies have shown however, that this observation is flawed because of multiple disadvantages that giraffes suffer as a result of their long necks, and behavioral tendencies of the species that suggest it provides no particular advantage during dearths. The first flaw with Darwin’s observations of the giraffe stem from the fact that if giraffes possessed a truly significant advantage over other ungulata, then why aven’t more long necked species evolved? In addition, why haven’t shorter species of ungulata suffered greatly or gone extinct in prolonged periods of dearth? Evidence suggests that, â€Å"animals frequently feed at shoulder level during winter bottlenecks, when their neck should assist them in gaining a feeding height advantageâ € (Simmons and Altwegg, 2009). Feeding at lower heights rules out the idea that the giraffe’s long neck provides a significant advantage over other species during dearth. Many studies have suggested that the long necks have evolved through sexual selection, as males use their necks in mating displays, as well as for male-male competition for females. The males with larger necks tend to be preferred by oestrous females and more commonly win contests for access to females(Simmons and Altwegg, 2009). If one looks at physiology of a giraffe there are many disadvantages to their elongated neck and bone structure. As the neck grows longer more energy is required to pump blood to the brain and there is a greater probability that an organism will sustain injury due to elongated limbs(Mitchell and Skinner, 2003). When giraffes drink water they must spread their forelimbs in an awkward position that takes time and increases their vulnerability to predators. A disadvantage such as their inability to reach the ground from standing position suggests that giraffes most likely evolved their long necks from sexual selection pressure, which can select for traits that could potentially decrease lifespan in return for increased reproductive success. The disadvantages to the giraffes long neck coupled with its relatively limited advantages rule out the possibility that they gained this trait through acquired heritability, or even natural selection. While Darwin was mistaken about the mechanism by which organisms acquired advantageous traits, he made many accurate observations and was able to make many accurate predictions from those observations that still hold true today. Regardless of his lack of knowledge of the laws of heritability, Darwin was able to describe correlated variation in great detail, and elaborate on its importance to the heritability of traits. Darwin provided a logical analysis of his observations and provided a solid basis for which other scientists could test and elaborate on his theories. Lastly, Darwin’s observations were accurate and logical however, because he lacked a mechanism for which to describe how traits were inherited, he based his assumptions on the theories of acquired heritability and use/disuse, which we know now to be incorrect. (from Trut. et al. 2009) References: 1. Darwin, Charles. (1859). On the Origin of Species. London: John Murray. 2. Waggoner, B. (1996). Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829). UCMP Berkeley. http://www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/history/lamarck. html 3. Kukokeva, A. V. et al. (2011). Mapping Loci for Fox Domestication: Deconstruction/Reconstruction of a Behavioral Phenotype. Behav Genet, 41: 593-606. 4. Trut, L. et al. (2009). Animal Evolution During Domestication: the domesticated fox as a model. BioEssays, 31: 349-360. 5. Simmons, R. E. , Altwegg, R. (2009). Necks-for-sex or Competing Browsers? A Critique of Ideas on the Evolution of the Giraffe. Journal of Zoology, 282: 6-12. 6. Mitchell, G. , Skinner, J. D. (2003). On the Origin, Evolution and Phylogeny of Giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 58(1): 51-73.