Theories of Criminality, Aggression and Violence

Theories of Criminality, Aggression and ViolenceCriminal PsychologyGeorge C. hem inCrime will affect e genuinely unitary of us i commission or another at some point in our life. We whitethorn not be the one who is victimized but it may be a family member or neighbor, but we atomic number 18 yet affected in some way. Criminals choose legion(predicate) footings why they contract that lifestyle, whether it is a psychological defect or just a way to make it through with(predicate) life, they distributively(prenominal) have their reasons. If we rump find the reason for the umbrage then we may be able to start combating it and abet change those who commit evil.There atomic number 18 many factors that induct a soul to choose the condemnable lifestyle. There are psychological factors as well as kind risk factors when it comes to crime and these factors have divergent effects on people. When we examine the various psychological risk factors we see at the cognitive a nd language deficiencies, the individuals intelligence, conditions such as attention famine hyperactivity malady (hyperkinetic syndrome), look at disorder and oppositional defiant disorder (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 45). These psychological issues back end affect the way a individual learns puritanical behavior and affects the way they assimilate into society.The way a person learns and interprets what they are taught can make a difference in the way they behave. cognitive and language impairments increase the risk of asocial behavior, at least in boys (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 47). Antisocial behavior is a key item when it comes to the choice to ravish the norms of society and the choice to commence a crook. These impairments can also lead story a person to have a lower intelligence level. It is believed that if a person has a low intelligence level then they may be more than apt to commit crime, due to their failures in tame and these failures can lead to delinquency (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 47).Let us take a moment to look at how conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder apply to criminal psychology. ADHD has three key behaviors, inattention, impulsivity and excessive motor control (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 50). ADHD can contribute to criminal behavior, some researchers estimate that about one-fourth of each churlren with ADHD engage in serious asocial behavior during squirtishness and adolescence and criminal behavior as adults (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 51). Another serious condition is called conduct disorder, which is characterized by persistent misbehavior (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 52). This misbehavior can lead a person to take on the criminal lifestyle without looking back. The nett condition we will look at is oppositional defiant disorder, which is a child who is negative, hostile, and defiant, more than is expected for his or her age, and lasting for at lea st sixer months (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 54). As with many psychological diagnoses, you can have a person who suffers from any combination of disorders.We have now examined the psychological factors in criminal psychology now let us look at the social factors. The social factors include issues such as pauperisation, peer rejection, deficient pre workdays child care, school failure, association with unsociable peers and the pretermit of proper later on school care (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pgs. 31-37). The various social factors can be present in any level of society from the wealthy to the poor. When we talk about those who recognize in poverty it is crucial to recognize that the great majority of poor children and adults are law-abiding citizens (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg 33). There is some connection between poverty and crime but it is not always the case, eyepatch people in poverty might commit crimes of desperation, white-collar criminals often commit crimes of luck (Vo gel, 2008).Early peer rejection is a social factor that can cause a normally happy and compliant child to originate into a hostile antisocial child. One of the strongest predictors of later involvement in antisocial behavior is early rejection by peers (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 33). When a child is rejected by their peers they must fulfill that need for acceptance somewhere, they tend to find each other and only interact with each other. During the adolescent historic period, involvement with antisocial peers shows a robust and consistent relationship to delinquency, drug use, and a straddle of other problematic behaviors (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 34).Poor preschool care and the lack of proper after school care can also contribute to antisocial and criminal behavior. Preschool is often a childs first lengthy interactions they have outside of their immediate family. Preschool is also where they begin to develop their social, language and encyclopaedism skills. Poor-quality ch ild care has been reported to put childrens development at risk for poorer language, poor cognitive development, and lower ratings of social and emotional allowance account (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 36). This poor development goes hand in hand with the psychological issues of inadequate cognitive and language development. Proper after school care can also help rule out antisocial behavior. It is believed that children who are by themselves for jumbo amounts of time after school tend to develop behavior problems (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 37). Organizations inside the company can make a difference in a childs life, day-care centers that open their doors to children after school hours or community groups that offer after-school programs in troubled neighborhoods can make a positive difference (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 37). check failure also plays a persona in the development of antisocial and criminal behavior. Again, we can see where school failure can affect the cognitive an d language development of an individual. School failure eventually affects the community through higher rates of crime (Poole, 1997). In todays world the lack of education limits a person on what jobs they can perform and who will hire them. This lack of employment can cause a person that normally would copy the law to become a criminal just to survive.In arduous to understand the reason of a criminal we must consider all factors that created the person we are proveing. These risk factors, rather they are psychological or social play a role in the development of antisocial and criminal behavior. In addition to risk factors we must also meditate human onset and violence. These risk factors will affect how a person handles aggression and violence since the way they develop coping methods can be affected by the way they learn to be a tell of society.There are many theories on aggression and violence in humans. Some scientists believe that humans are born aggressive and course r aving mad, or born relatively free of aggressive tendencies (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 111). The human being is able to develop the ability to control the aggression and violence through various learning methods. When the negative psychological and social issues develop we are unable to develop the proper methods to control ourselves.There have been many different theories and standards developed over the years addressing aggression. The psychodynamic viewpoint assumes that humans, by their very nature, will always be prone to aggressive impulses and hence are likely to commit violent acts if these impulses are not appropriately managed or held in check (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 112). In addition to the psychodynamic viewpoint you have the ethological viewpoint, which is the study of animal behavior in relation to the animals graphic habitat, and it compares that behavior to human behavior (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 112).In addition to these viewpoints there are various models a ssociated with aggression and violence. The Cognitive-Neoassociation Model that thoughts and memories that are created through our early years are associated with aggression (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 115-116). There is also the Excitation Transfer Theory, which is a theory to explain how physiological arousal can generalize from one situation to another (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 116). This theory purposes that a person can be subjected to a negative event and because of that event they carry that anger or frustration to another event.Additionally, there is the Dis military positiond Aggression Theory, aggression is displaced when the target is necessitous of any wrongdoing but is simply in the wrong place at the wrong time (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 116). An example of this would be where a husband is angry at their wife and someone accidently bumps in to him and in turn they are assaulted. It is difficult to address all the theories to every incident, but we must keep every pos sibility in our minds when we are evaluating the cause of the aggression or violent act.We have theories to follow as well as some cognitive models of aggression. These models have hypothesized that, while observational learning is important in the process, the individuals cognitive learning is important in the process (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 122). The two models we will look at are the cognitive scripts model and the hostile attribution model. These models examine human behavior and the tendency to be aggressive and violent.The cognitive scripts model believes that social behavior in general, and aggressive behavior in particular, is controlled largely by cognitive scripts larn and memorized through daily experiences (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 122). This model states that behaviors and the responses a person has is based on what we all go through in life, our ups and downs. The hostile attribution model believes that people who are violent and aggressive often interpret uncer tain actions as hostile and threatening (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 123). These individuals may take a unprejudiced shoulder bump as an aggressive action and may become aggressive or violent towards the person.Exposure to violence in fate media has also been evaluated to violent and aggressive behavior. Studies suggest that people, who play violent exposure games, watch violent movies or television shows may be more prone to aggressive and violent behavior (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 131). These theories are often debated at heart the psychological community itself.There are different theories and approaches to aggressive and violent behavior. There are psychological and social factors that come into play as well. There are some environmental factors can lead to a person to make bad choices in life. Complications during birth, prenatal exposure to nicotine, alcoholic beverage and drugs, faulty brain development, and exposure to toxins can all lead to antisocial and criminal behav ior (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pgs. 69-73). Exposure to these environmental factors can cause the foetus to develop improperly, which can lead to antisocial behavior (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 69).The criminal mind is a difficult thing to understand. They each have their own reasons for committing crime and even though there are risk factors that can attribute to the choices that an individual may make. Along with all the theories, models and viewpoints we cannot ignore the person that commits the crime, while one of these may apply the end result is that crime was committed and a victim was created.ReferencesBartol, C., Bartol, A. (2014).Criminal behavior a psychological approach. (10th ed.). Upper buck River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc.Poole, D. L. (1997). The SAFE project Community-driven partnerships in health, mental health, and education to prevent early school failure. Health Social Work, 22(4), 282-9. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/210556291?accountid=159007 Vogel, S. (2008, Aug 24). Does poverty = crime? scholars disagree. McClatchy Tribune phone line News. Retrieved February 16, 2014, from http//search.proquest.com/docview/464394103?accountid=159007